Rosa Parks Arrested

History 3 Minutes

From: National Archives:

An Act of Courage, The Arrest Records of Rosa Parks

On December 1, 1955, during a typical evening rush hour in Montgomery, Alabama, a 42-year-old woman took a seat on the bus on her way home from the Montgomery Fair department store where she worked as a seamstress. Before she reached her destination, she quietly set off a social revolution when the bus driver instructed her to move back, and she refused. Rosa Parks, an African American, was arrested that day for violating a city law requiring racial segregation of public buses.

On the city buses of Montgomery, Alabama, the front 10 seats were permanently reserved for white passengers. The diagram shows that Mrs. Parks was seated in the first row behind those 10 seats. When the bus became crowded, the bus driver instructed Mrs. Parks and the other three passengers seated in that row, all African Americans, to vacate their seats for the white passengers boarding. Eventually, three of the passengers moved, while Mrs. Parks remained seated, arguing that she was not in a seat reserved for whites. James Blake, the driver, believed he had the discretion to move the line separating black and white passengers. The law was actually somewhat murky on that point, but when Mrs. Parks defied his order, he called the police. Officers Day and Mixon came and promptly arrested her.

In police custody, Mrs. Parks was booked, fingerprinted, and briefly incarcerated. The police report shows that she was charged with “refusing to obey orders of bus driver.” For openly challenging the racial laws of her city, she remained at great physical risk while held by the police, and her family was terrified for her. When she called home, she spoke to her mother, whose first question was “Did they beat you?”

Mrs. Parks was not the first person to be prosecuted for violating the segregation laws on the city buses in Montgomery. She was, however, a woman of unchallenged character who was held in high esteem by all those who knew her. At the time of her arrest, Mrs. Parks was active in the local National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), serving as secretary to E.D. Nixon, president of the Montgomery chapter. Her arrest became a rallying point around which the African American community organized a bus boycott in protest of the discrimination they had endured for years. Martin Luther King, Jr., the 26-year-old minister of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church, emerged as a leader during the well-coordinated, peaceful boycott that lasted 381 days and captured the world’s attention. It was during the boycott that Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr., first achieved national fame as the public became acquainted with his powerful oratory.

After Mrs. Parks was convicted under city law, her lawyer filed a notice of appeal. While her appeal was tied up in the state court of appeals, a panel of three judges in the U.S. District Court for the region ruled in another case that racial segregation of public buses was unconstitutional. That case, called Browder v. Gayle, was decided on June 4, 1956. The ruling was made by a three-judge panel that included Frank M. Johnson, Jr., and upheld by the United States Supreme court on November 13, 1956.

For a quiet act of defiance that resonated throughout the world, Rosa Parks is known and revered as the “Mother of the Civil Rights Movement.”

The documents shown here relating to Mrs. Parks’s arrest are copies that were submitted as evidence in the Browder v. Gayle case. They are preserved by the National Archives at Atlanta in Morrow, Georgia, in Record Group 21, Records District Courts of the United States, U.S. District Court for Middle District of Alabama, Northern (Montgomery) Division. Civil Case 1147, Browder, et al v. Gayle, et al.

SOURCE: NATIONAL ARCHIVES

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Published by pat frederick

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68 thoughts on “Rosa Parks Arrested”

    1. Good morning! Still no sign of Wheezer. At least we didn’t get more snow during the night so I don’t have to shovel again. Temp is @ 20 and should be heading up from there thru the week. Hoping FedEx doesn’t postpone the delivery of my recliner!!! Mark shoveled my DW again and I cleared off the front porch and sidewalk, as well as in front of my garage. I also put an orange flag out by the culvert that goes under my driveway so he/she is aware that it’s there.

      Liked by 1 person

  4. Troublemaker10

    December 1, 2025 12:37 am

    Trump does not plan to send troops into Venezuela, Sen. Markwayne Mullin says

    Excerpt:

    Mr. Trump over the weekend ratcheted up pressure on Venezuela and its strongman leader, Nicolas Maduro, by warning that airspace over the South American country is effectively closed.

    “To all Airlines, Pilots, Drug Dealers, and Human Traffickers, please consider THE AIRSPACE ABOVE AND SURROUNDING VENEZUELA TO BE CLOSED IN ITS ENTIRETY. Thank you for your attention to this matter!” the president posted on Truth Social.

    Mr. Mullin said Mr. Trump tried to close international waters to drug traffickers, only for traffickers to sneak drugs onto airplanes.
    “So the president has made it very clear, he’s shutting down the airspace,” Mr. Mullin said.

    https://archive.is/zgl9g

    Liked by 1 person

  6. h/t Marica

    Joshua Hall
    @JoshHall2024
    🚨🚨 BREAKING: Director of National Intelligence Tulsi Gabbard says MORE DOCUMENTS EXPOSING BARACK OBAMA and his leadership role in the Russiagate hoax are going to be released to the American people this week. She has also officially referred Barack Hussein Obama to The DOJ for CRIMINAL PROSECUTION for his role in this seditious conspiracy that was an unprecedented attack on a duly-elected President and our Republic as a whole. Obama took the time to respond which he rarely ever does so he knows that the walls are closing in. DNI Gabbard has confirmed just how close we are to an Obama indictment and justice at long last so that our nation can begin healing from the immeasurable damage that this man and his THUGS have done to US. Thank you Tulsi for putting country over party and being a patriot… This is a HUGE DEVELOPMENT in OBAMAGATE.

    Liked by 1 person

  8. Humble Brother
    @Ryan63970079
    He is an Indian First, Forever Extremist.
    Always has been.

    in 2018, @RajaForIL
    proposed Congress:

    • eliminate per-country limits for green cards
    • enables F-1 holders to seek permanent resident status while a student OR during F-1 OPT
    • weakens the (artificial) H-1B cap by making exempt:
      ˃ spouses & children of employment-based green card holders
      ˃ holders of US STEM master’s degrees or higher
      ˃ individuals with extraordinary skill in arts and sciences.
    • adjusts per-country caps for family-based green cards

    and if that wasn’t enough….

    He wanted to creates new conditional Green Card category for firms to employ foreign workers that is separate from H–1B

    Because one cancer on the American People is not enough.

    His proposal today merits censure.

    America is for her citizens.
    Not the citizens of the world.

    Liked by 1 person

  10. using the misnomer CHARITY

    FTA

    THIS WAS NEVER ABOUT CHARITY – IT WAS ABOUT MONEY

    Catholic Charities didn’t suddenly discover compassion. They discovered funding.

    They went from resettling:

    21 arrivals in 12 months
    to 1,800 Afghans in six months

    Why?

    Because the Afghan airlift unleashed a flood of federal money.

    And those arrivals were not properly vetted. The Taliban had already destroyed IDs, government files, and biometric records – real screening was impossible.

    Each Afghan generated:
    $2,275 in federal payments, plus

    housing funds
    food programs
    legal services
    transportation budgets
    caseworker salaries
    “emergency response” add-ons

    Catholic Charities admitted they expanded from 65 staff to 105 in 90 days.

    That’s not charity.
    That’s scaling a federally funded migration program.

    The Afghan airlift brought 76,000 Afghans into the U.S. outside the legal refugee system – and Catholic Charities was one of the biggest distributors.

    THEY TURNED OKLAHOMA INTO A RESETTLEMENT HUB

    Catholic Charities openly said:

    “We treated it like a disaster response.”

    But it wasn’t a disaster for Oklahomans – it was a disaster for Oklahoma.

    Oklahoma didn’t ask for this.
    Oklahoma didn’t vote for this.
    Oklahoma had no say.

    Catholic Charities imported more Afghans into Oklahoma in six months than the state had seen in decades – reshaping communities with zero consent.

    And that was just the beginning …

    THEIR PARTNERS TELL THE REAL STORY

    Catholic Charities proudly worked with:

    Muslim groups
    80+ congregations
    secular and interfaith networks
    Jewish organizations
    Evangelical churches

    They built a massive, left-wing and Islamic interfaith machine to import unvetted migrants and sold it as “Christian love.”

    This is the Red–Green Axis in action:

    ✔ left-wing networks
    ✔ Islamic organizations
    ✔ religious nonprofits
    ✔ Republican silence

    All working together to reshape red states.

    AND WHILE THEY DID ALL THIS…

    Homeless Americans in Oklahoma City got nothing.
    Homeless veterans in Tulsa got nothing.
    Struggling Oklahoma families got nothing.

    Catholic Charities didn’t hire 40 new staff to house Oklahomans.

    They didn’t mobilize 80 organizations to help American families.

    They did it for Afghans – because that’s where the federal money was.

    ❗STOP CALLING THIS “CHRISTIAN CHARITY”

    https://joehoft.com/catholic-charities-in-oklahoma-city-turned-afghan-resettlement-into-a-federal-cash-pipeline/

    Liked by 1 person

  11. Just The News: “A bar in Idaho is offering free beer for a month to anyone who helps U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) identify and deport illegal immigrants. 

    Old State Saloon posted about the promotion over the weekend on X.

     “ANYONE who helps ICE identify and ultimately deport an illegal from Idaho gets FREE BEER FOR ONE MONTH,” read the post.  

    The bar also said that individuals who assist in multiple deportations may receive additional free-beer months. 

    As part of the bar’s recruiting of informants, patrons are instructed to send evidence, such as photos or videos with dates and times to a provided email address to claim the free beer offer.  

    Critics of the bar’s actions called for patrons to boycott the establishment.”

     

    Liked by 1 person

  14. “In 1722, Franklin wrote 14 letters under the pseudonym Mrs. Silence Dogood, a (supposedly) middle-aged widow. Franklin’s letter to the Royal Academy of Brussels shows his sense of humor. The Academy had solicited proposals for mathematical studies from distinguished scientists and philosophers worldwide. Franklin was among those contacted by the Academy. Instead of a serious proposal, Franklin suggested the academy fund an inquiry into methods of eliminating the smell emitted from one’s passing gas. 

    Franklin suggested it would benefit people forced to restrain their natural bodily functions at a dinner gathering so they would not emit a “fetid Smell. (sic)” If such a cure could be found, Franklin wrote, then dinner guests would be no more embarrassed about farting than sneezing or coughing. If only the Academy had pursued Franklin’s suggestion, it might rank as high as his successful kite experiment did to prove lightning contained electricity.”

    Liked by 1 person

  16. High snow totals in the NE thru Wednesday…..8-12″ in interior New England (that would be you, my friend!) due to the warm air over the ocean.

    Liked by 1 person

  17. Huh….NE is Chocolate Meltaways, which I’ve never heard of!!!!

    “Here’s A List Of Unique, Made-In-America Gifts From Each State — The American Dream – that if you work hard, anyone can get ahead— is fulfilled by the risk takers who start businesses.”

    The Federalist, By: Beth Brelje, December 01, 2025

    EXCERPT: “There’s no place like home for the holidays, but if you can’t get there, you can still support a business in a state that is special to you or someone on your list. Below are some small businesses you can support on Small Business Saturday or Cyber Monday. Starting any business requires creativity and bravery. Every business must produce something that customers want.

    The American Dream – that if you work hard, anyone can get ahead— is fulfilled by the risk takers who start businesses.

    Before reading this list, make sure you’re wearing a loose shirt, so your buttons don’t burst off when your chest swells with pride at these Americans who are producing interesting and iconic items. Some ideas represent things states are well known for— like Wisconsin and a cheese box. Others are producers of products that make great gifts. They were chosen at random, and there are similar makers out there working hard for their slice of the market too. Everything here is made in America.

    38. Pennsylvania

    “In Pennsylvania, gourds are still in style after Thanksgiving. With artists like Meadowbrooke Gourds in Carlisle, gourds are an all-season decorative piece that fits in with country decor and sleek modern looks. Many folks make birdhouses with dried and hollowed gourds, but Meadowbrooke does so much more.”

    https://thefederalist.com/2025/12/01/heres-a-list-of-unique-made-in-america-gifts-from-each-state/

    Liked by 1 person

  19. 🦶 Extreme Human Polydactyly — The X-ray Doesn’t Lie

    One foot. Too many toes. The skeleton is proof: mirror duplication. Biology is a random number generator. The other foot? Normal. Because chaos has a sense of humor…

    Liked by 1 person

  20. “Indiana mom gives birth on the side of the road ten minutes after hospital told her to go home”

    Not The Bee, Daniel Plainview, Nov 30, 2025

    Image for article: Indiana mom gives birth on the side of the road ten minutes after hospital told her to go home

    ENTIRE ARTICLE: “Modern health care has plenty of problems, and, alas, as this local news report demonstrates, not listening to laboring mothers is very much one of them:

    Breathing through her contractions, Mercedes Wells was wheeled out of Franciscan Health Crown Point Hospital in Indiana on Sunday.

    Her family said the hospital staff had just discharged the mother of multiple children, telling her to go home and wait for her labor to progress.

    Now, this is actually somewhat standard protocol. Hospital beds are expensive and scarce. They don’t really want to give hospital rooms over to laboring mothers who may have another 10, 12, 16 hours of labor to go before they actually give birth. They have to prioritize as best they can, so they’ll often say, “Go home and come back when it picks up.”

    The problem was, labor already had picked up — and they apparently just ignored it!

    Mercedes begged [the nurse]. She begged her … She said, ‘I’m really in active labor. I can feel it, contractions as I walk. I mean my pain. I’m telling you; I can feel it.’ And [the nurse] just ignored her.

    This is all-too-familiar: Doctors regularly just ignore birthing moms and dip out.

    It’s a sore point of U.S. maternity care. And in this case it really came back to bite the hospital hard. The hospital discharged Mrs. Wells after which she allegedly delivered her baby less than 10 minutes after leaving:

    Eight minutes into their drive, Leon and Mercedes’ daughter was born on the side of the road, delivered by her father.

    “He grabbed, like, a blanket, and then, put the baby on Mercedes’ chest, my niece on her chest, and drove the rest of the way to [another] hospital…”

    I’d love to see the hospital staff when they heard about that! Footage circulating on social media shows Wells holding her baby just after the birth:

    The hospital said the incident was “deeply troubling” and that it was conducting a “thorough investigation into this alleged incident.” Probably a good idea to just admit the laboring mother next time!”

    Liked by 1 person

  21. h/t Marica

    Sam E. Antar
    @SamAntar
    OBSTRUCTION OF JUSTICE.
    47 illegal leaks. Nine newsrooms. One coordinated operation.

    Full Investigation with Receipts ➡️https://whitecollarfraud.com/2025/12/01/obstruction-of-justice-how-47-doj-leaks-and-9-complicit-newsrooms-targeted-the-letitia-james-prosecution/
    )

    Who inside the Department of Justice coordinated with Letitia James’s legal team, Reuters, ABC, CBS, NBC, CNN, MSNBC, the Washington Post, Wall Street Journal, and New York Times to sabotage their own prosecution?

    A federal judge cited “news reports” as her source for what a U.S. Attorney privately communicated to DOJ leadership.

    Those news reports came from anonymous government sources who broke federal law.

    The same leaks made it into Abbe Lowell’s legal filings. Into the Congressional Record. Into a federal judge’s ruling.

    47 illegal leaks. Every one of them helped James. Zero helped the prosecution.

    I have the receipts.

    I documented every leak. I traced the pipeline. I followed the trail from anonymous sources → headlines → defense motions → amicus briefs → congressional letters → a federal judge’s ruling.
    This is the story they don’t want you to read.

    THE PIPELINE
    Here’s how it worked:
    ▪️Government insiders illegally leaked to reporters
    ▪️Reporters published, knowing the disclosures were criminal
    ▪️Defense counsel cited the media reports in court filings
    ▪️Amicus briefs repeated the leaked claims
    ▪️A sitting Congressman cited the same leaks in official correspondence
    ▪️A federal judge cited “news reports” in her ruling

    That’s not journalism. That’s information laundering.

    THE MEDIA’S FOUR-MONTH SILENCE
    I published my first investigation on February 8, 2025 — documenting phantom mortgages, mathematical impossibilities, and contradictory sworn statements.

    Between February and mid-September, nine major newsrooms published nothing.

    No investigative reports. No document analysis. No examination of the evidence sitting in public databases anyone could access.

    Reuters didn’t look. The New York Times didn’t look. The Washington Post didn’t look. ABC, CBS, NBC, CNN, MSNBC — none of them looked.

    They weren’t investigating. They were waiting.

    Waiting for the phone calls from anonymous sources inside DOJ.

    When the leaks came, they published instantly. When the documents were there all along, they were silent.

    That’s not journalism. That’s stenography for saboteurs.

    THE SABOTAGE
    The media portrays Erik Siebert and career prosecutors as principled officials who “stood up” to political pressure.

    But Siebert had access to 40 years of documentary evidence. Five months of FBI investigation with subpoena power. 115,000 pages of documents.

    He concluded “insufficient evidence.”
    Then someone leaked that conclusion to nine newsrooms.

    There are only two explanations:
    ▪️Option 1: Siebert never seriously reviewed the evidence. His “insufficient evidence” conclusion was worthless — and whoever leaked it was disseminating a conclusion based on nothing.
    ▪️Option 2: Siebert reviewed the evidence, recognized it supported charges, and refused to act. His refusal wasn’t principled — it was protection of a politically powerful defendant.

    Either way, someone leaked his conclusion to nine newsrooms on the same day he resigned.

    That’s not coincidence. That’s coordination.

    That’s not whistleblowing. That’s sabotage.

    THE LOWELL STANDARD
    Abbe Lowell dismissed my evidence as “uncorroborated findings of an internet investigator.”

    My sources: Property records from county clerks. ACRIS filings accessible to anyone. Financial disclosures on government websites. Mathematical impossibilities anyone can verify.

    But in his Motion to Dismiss, Lowell cited as authoritative legal evidence:

    ABC News citing “sources familiar with the matter”
    CNN citing “a source familiar with the matter”
    Washington Post citing anonymous officials
    MSNBC citing government insiders

    Public records anyone can verify = “uncorroborated.”
    Anonymous sources committing federal crimes = credible enough for federal court.
    That’s the Lowell Standard.

    WHAT EVERY OUTLET IGNORED
    The indictment documented James making contradictory sworn statements about the same property:
    ▪️To the bank: “Second home” for personal use
    ▪️To the insurance company: “Owner-occupied”
    ▪️To the IRS: “Rental property” with “zero personal use days”
    ▪️To NY State: “Investment” property

    Four sworn statements. Four different classifications. Mathematical impossibility.

    Reuters didn’t report it. The New York Times didn’t report it. The Washington Post didn’t report it. ABC, CBS, NBC, CNN, MSNBC — not one of them reported it.

    Lawfare’s Molly Roberts — a journalist with no law degree — called the case “dangerously weak” without mentioning it. The amicus briefs ignored it.

    Congressman Garcia’s letter ignored it.

    Every outlet that called this case “weak” did so by burying the strongest evidence.

    That’s not journalism. That’s protection.

    THE HALLIGAN TRAP
    Someone leaked misleading grand jury information to the New York Times.

    Lawfare’s Anna Bower amplified it on Twitter, calling it “important exculpatory evidence.”

    Prosecutor Lindsey Halligan tried to correct the false narrative — while explicitly refusing to disclose grand jury material. She followed the law.

    Lawfare’s response? A 30-minute piece framing her as the villain.

    The leakers faced no consequences. The prosecutor who followed the rules became the story.

    They amplified narratives built on criminal leaks. They attacked the prosecutor who followed the law.

    THE AMICUS BRIEFS
    Four coordinated briefs. Former federal judges.

    Former DOJ officials. Congressional leaders.

    Every single one cited newspaper articles as evidence.

    Every single one repeated claims from anonymous sources who broke federal law.

    Not one mentioned the 115,000 pages of documents.

    THE 115,000 PAGES
    November 14, 2025: James’s lawyers filed a motion requesting more time to review discovery. The reason? “More than 17,000 documents and 115,000 pages.”

    November 17, 2025: Three days later, James filed her Motion to Dismiss claiming “insufficient evidence.”

    Three days after requesting more time to review 115,000 pages, she claimed there wasn’t enough of it.
    The defense’s own filings contradicted each other. But the leak narrative was too strong. No one noticed.

    THE CONGRESSMAN
    November 19, 2025: Congressman Robert Garcia sent an official letter demanding investigation of Bill Pulte.

    His sources? The same leaked media reports.

    Garcia cited anonymous government sources to demand investigation of public-records research.

    He even demanded “all communications and documents relating to…any communications with Sam Antar.”

    My communications? Public property records. County clerk databases. Government websites.

    Garcia wants to investigate that — while treating 47 illegal leaks as established fact.

    The irony writes itself.

    THE QUESTION NO ONE IS ASKING
    The media is running stories about whether Pulte, Martin, or others improperly coordinated with outside parties.

    But the documented coordination — the coordination with receipts — flowed in the opposite direction.

    Government insiders leaked to reporters. Reporters published knowing their sources were committing federal crimes. Defense counsel cited the media reports. Amicus briefs amplified them. A Congressman repeated them. A federal judge referenced them.

    That’s coordination. That’s a pipeline. And the media was the delivery mechanism.

    THE BOTTOM LINE
    The indictment was dismissed on a procedural technicality — the Appointments Clause. Not the evidence. Not vindictive prosecution. A technicality.

    I expect DOJ will return with a superseding indictment covering the other properties — this time during the 2026 election cycle. The dismissal didn’t save James. It only delayed the inevitable.

    The evidence remains. The documents haven’t changed.

    The reporters know who leaked. They’re protecting their sources.

    Their sources are the saboteurs.

    And the same outlets now investigating “prosecutorial misconduct” published 47 instances of illegally leaked government information — while ignoring the public documents proving James’s guilt that sat in databases anyone could access.

    They had a choice: verify the documents or publish the leaks.

    They chose the leaks.

    Every. Single. Time.

    Full investigation: https://whitecollarfraud.com/2025/12/01/obs

    Like

  29. The Morning Smile

    Chasing Dinner

    Now, keep all that straight

    Extraordinary Entrance

    Hmmmm….this one looks familiar….? I remember the door made me think of a bee or wasp but I guess it could have been a different one….

    Liked by 1 person

  34. Just The News: “The Department of Homeland Security sent a letter Monday to New York Attorney General Letitia James, demanding that she turn over the more than 7,000 illegal migrants that are allegedly locked up in jails and prisons in the state.

    Acting Immigration and Customs Enforcement Director Todd Lyons claimed that nearly 7,000 illegal migrants, who had active detainers because they allegedly committed thousands of crimes, were released back into the state since January and 7,113 illegal migrants with active ICE detainers are currently locked up in New York, according to the New York Post.

    “These are people who are not only in the country illegally, but who have committed additional crimes, including heinous crimes like murder, rape, possession of child pornography, armed robbery, and many others,” Lyons wrote. 

    The DHS said that the migrants are being protected by New York’s sanctuary laws, which limit local law enforcement cooperation with immigration agents. 

    The department also said the 7,113 illegal migrants are allegedly responsible for a combined 148 homicides, 717 assaults, 134 burglaries, 106 robberies, 235 dangerous drug offenses, 152 weapons offenses and 260 sexual predatory offenses.

    “Virtually all Americans agree that people like this should be swiftly removed from the United States when they leave New York’s custody and not be returned to our streets to wreak havoc on law abiding citizens,” Lyons said. The letter comes after Lyons sent a similar letter to the attorney general’s office in September, which was unanswered, the New York Post also reported.”

    Liked by 1 person

  35. Just The News: “An appeals court on Monday ruled that Alina Habba is disqualified from serving as New Jersey’s top federal prosecutor.

    A panel of the 3rd U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals judges in Philadelphia agreed with a lower court ruling after hearing oral arguments in October, The Associated Press reported.

    The Justice Department has attempted to keep Habba as the acting U.S. attorney for New Jersey after her interim appointment expired and without a Senate confirmation.

    As her appointment was expiring earlier this year, federal judges in New Jersey exercised their legal authority to replace Habba with a career prosecutor who had served as her second-in-command.

    Attorney General Pam Bondi then fired the prosecutor and renamed Habba as acting U.S. attorney. The DOJ said the judges acted prematurely and that President Trump had the authority to appoint his preferred candidate to enforce federal laws in the state.”

    Liked by 1 person

  36. LOL – I’m watching Forensic Files on the Investigation Discovery channel about a woman’s murder around 2008. The prosecutor in the case is a VERY young Trey Gowdy, with very long light brown hair!!! I’ve seen other shows he has been in from back then.

    Liked by 1 person

  38. It’s beginning to look like I won’t be seeing my recliner today. Temp got up to 49 earlier!!! A couple of days of that and snow won’t be an issue!

    Liked by 1 person

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