Sapphires

Nature 2 Minutes

Sapphire is the most precious and valuable blue gemstone. It is a very desirable gemstone due to its excellent color, hardness, durability, and luster. In the gem trade, Sapphire without any color prefix refers to the blue variety of the mineral Corundum. However, the term Sapphire encompasses all other gem varieties and colors of Corundum as well, excluding Ruby, the red variety of Corundum, which has its own name since antiquity.

The most valuable color of Sapphire is a cornflower blue color, known as Kashmir Sapphire or Cornflower Blue Sapphire. Another extremely valuable Sapphire form is the very rare, orange-pink Padparadschah. An exotic type of sapphire, known as Color Changing Sapphire, displays a different color depending on its lighting. In natural light, Color Changing Sapphire is blue, but in artificial light, it is violet. (This effect is the same phenomenon well-known in the gemstone Alexandrite). Yellow and pink Sapphire have recently become very popular, and are now often seen in jewelry

Going way back in time, Sapphires (excluding blue) were often called the same name as a popular gemstone of that color with the prefix “oriental” added to it. For example, green Sapphire was called “Oriental Emerald”. The practice of applying the name of a different gemstone to identify the sapphire was misleading, and these names are no longer used. What was once called “Oriental Emerald” is now called “Green Sapphire”. The same holds true for all other color varieties of Sapphire. However, the word “Sapphire” in its plain context refers only to blue Sapphire, unless a prefix color is specified. Sapphire with a color other than blue is often called a “fancy” in the gem trade.

Sapphire is a tough and durable gem, and the only natural gemstone harder than Sapphire is Diamond. Despite this, Sapphire is still subject to chipping and fracture if handled roughly, and care should be taken to ensure it is properly handled. Sapphire was first synthesized in 1902. The process of creating synthetic Sapphire is known as the Verneuil process. Only experts can distinguish between natural and synthetic Sapphire.

Sapphire is one of the most popular gemstones, and is used extensively in Jewelry. Fine colored Sapphire with a deep blue color and excellent transparency can reach several thousand dollars a carat. The blue variety is most often used in jewelry, but the yellow, pink, and orange “fancies” have recently become very popular. Green and light blue Sapphires are also known, but are less commonly used in jewelry. Opaque Black Sapphire is also used a minor gemstone.

Sapphire is used in all forms of jewelry, including bracelets, necklaces, rings, and earrings. It is used both as centerpiece gemstone in pendants and rings, as well as a secondary stone to complement other gemstones such as Diamonds. Star Sapphires are polished as cabochons, and, if clear, are extremely valuable.

The rare orange-pink variety, known as Padparadschah, can be even more valuable than fine blue Sapphire. Blue Sapphire is sometimes carved into cameos or small figures, especially the less transparent material. Synthetic Sapphire is often used as a cheap substitute for the natural material.

Besides for the varieties of Sapphire listed below, Sapphire with color other than blue are prefixed with their color names. The main gemstone colors in addition to blue Sapphire include:
Yellow Sapphire (sometimes also called “Golden Sapphire” if intensely colored)
Pink Sapphire
White Sapphire (describes Sapphire that is colorless)
Green Sapphire
Purple Sapphire
Orange Sapphire
Black Sapphire

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Published by pat frederick

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164 thoughts on “Sapphires”

  1. Morning All!
    really dark here…have to wait to see my hummers are hanging on the chains when it gets lighter.
    we had 6 turkeys hanging around yesterday afternoon–2 males and 4 females. i tried to get a picture of them laying on the grass by the pond–it was so cute!

    Liked by 1 person

    1. Morning, Pat – it is the morning from hell here – been fighting for over an hour with equipment/connection issues – first the mouse wouldn’t work: ooops, no batteries! OK, haul out the corded trac-ball mouse; then the connection issues: on/off, on/off….; I had to try 4 times this morning to post a comment at M’s. Every time I clicked “reply,” connection went away – I’m beginning to think WP is a big part of the issue – I hope they get their shit together soon! This is going to drive me back to drinking!!!

      GT finally showed up but is as skittish again as she was in the beginning – I have no idea what happened to her in the interim but she didn’t even want to come onto the patio. SMH – then I had the inside light on but not the patio light – since she could see more easily into the house, she was back to being nervous. Once I turned on the patio light and turned the inside one off, then she settled down to eat, but she didn’t eat much. Jake watched thru the door, growling in his throat. LOL

      Liked by 1 person

      1. Morning Filly!
        i don’t doubt internet problems.
        but this morning, I tried yahoo email and boom! connected like normal. it’s freaking weird. it can’t be something i’m doing cuz i haven’t changed anything from one day to the next.
        smh
        gees, sorry about GT. shame to lose that budding trust she seemed to have

        Liked by 3 people

        1. We’ll see what happens with her but I’m tiring of this fast. Were you able to connect with Rodney? Yeah, I’m not doing anything different either but I’ve also been having these other issues with my internet off-and-on for quite some time now. Which leaves me wondering every time something goes wrong…..man, I wish I were rich and could set up a super-duper secure system!

          Liked by 1 person

  6. Liked by 1 person

    1. Brian Cates – Political Columnist & Pundit
      @drawandstrike
      Most parents haven’t yet figured out how bad this actually is.

      They think this is an isolated problem. Just a couple of school districts.

      ITS NOT.

      Here’s what you MUST understand:

      You are going up against a VERY WELL ORGANIZED, VERY WELL FUNDED INTERNATIONAL MOVEMENT.

      Its not hyperbolic to say they are targeting your kids for this at younger and younger ages.

      BECAUSE THEY ARE.

      And they’re getting MAD people are exposing what they’ve been doing.

      This very well organized, very well funded global movement of Commie Marxist Scum has been tossing around VERY LARGE SUMS OF MONEY to school boards all across the fruited plain to drive this sexualization/trans/gender agenda.

      FOLLOW THE MONEY.

      Your school board members are BEING PAID to allow this. They will never confess it, or admit who has been giving them big bucks to allow this shit in the schools.

      They like the money. They want to keep the money coming.

      So yes, as long as they can, they will toss your ass out of a school board meeting & keep right on putting these books in the libraries and cashing those checks.

      This ENDS when enough parents DEMAND it.

      Liked by 1 person

  8. AHA

    Liked by 1 person

  9. Liked by 1 person

  12. Liked by 1 person

      1. not at that time no. hubby usually isn’t done with his vpn stuff till after 7- 7:15. then i watch the videos kea posted or i bookmarked that you posted and i wanted to remember to watch it.
        I can delete it if you want.
        but i did get to see it this morning.

        Like

  22. so PAKISTAN OWNS A NYC HOTEL???????????????????????????????????
    AND WE’RE RENTING THAT TO HOUSE ILLEGALS???????????????????????????

    Feisty Hayseed
    September 14, 2023 2:01 am

    NYC Pays Al Qaeda Terror State $200M to Rent Hotel Rooms to Illegal Aliens

    Paying for your own destruction.

    The Roosevelt Hotel claims that it’s the place “where classic elegance meets contemporary luxury”. Classic elegance and luxury at the midtown Manhattan hotel looks like busloads of migrant invaders arriving and camping outside the golden doors. The scene is no better inside where 41 migrants have been arrested for beating wives, girlfriends and significant others.

    There have also been assaults on employees and an arrest for child endangerment.

    While the Roosevelt Hotel may have an old name, Mayor Eric Adams and New York City actually leased it from Pakistan for $220 million. That amounts to paying $210 per room for each night that an illegal alien invader uses it to smoke meth or abuse their wives and daughters.

    https://www.frontpagemag.com/nyc-pays-al-qaeda-terror-state-200m-to-rent-hotel-rooms-to-illegal-aliens/

    Liked by 1 person

  24. oh look ANOTHER judge declares DACA illegal…but adds the executive and the judicial can’t do anything–the legislative branch has to do something. IF it’s ILLEGAL and has been since its inception–what is there to argue about? declare DACA done and send them back with their parents. If you allow them to stay, they can them send for those family members ANYWAY and you are REWARDING CRIMINALS.
    and since it was created by the EXECUTIVE BRANCH (Obmmer’s brainchild) it should be able to be DISSOLVED by the executive.

    https://news.yahoo.com/federal-judge-again-declares-daca-223400635.html

    Liked by 1 person

      1. i think if they close the border and those revenue avenues aren’t available to the “charity” groups, they will reform as mental healthcare orgs to keep the gov’t gravy train operational

        Liked by 1 person

    1. Did you see video of the take-down? It was fricking awesome – that dog took a flying leap right into him from 5′ away and knocked him ass over elbow, then went after him on the ground!

      Liked by 2 people

  30. wow…pass a law that says if find artifacts older than this date, they are the property of the state.

    Winston
    September 14, 2023 7:46 am

    Without his efforts, they’d probably never have been discovered, but rather than having national museum(s) bidding to BUY them from him, the government simply passes a law, probably long ago, that they just own them by default.

    Amateur Metal Detectorist Makes ‘Gold Find of the Century’ in Norway
    Erlend Bore unearthed a trove of 1,500-year-old gold jewelry—just months after he picked up the hobby
    September 13, 2023

    https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/see-norways-gold-find-of-the-century-180982883/

    Norwegian law dictates that objects older than 1537—and coins older than 1650—become state property. Conservators at the Museum of Archaeology are now cleaning the artifacts, which they hope to put on public display.

    Bore will, however, receive a finder’s fee, and he plans to continue his new hobby.

    Liked by 1 person

    1. Well, what do you expect in Norway??? Hmmm…wonder if there is a law here like that? Let’s see….alrighty then – should have known it would be complicated!!! These laws apply – as to what they say, well….that would take more time than I want to dedicate right now! LOL

      Federal Laws – I expect that are probably state-by-state laws as well.

      — Antiquities Act of 1906, 16 U.S. Code 431-433), statute text.
      — Abandoned Shipwreck Act of 1987, (43 U.S..Code 2101-2106, approved 28 April, 1988), statute text.
      — Abandoned Shipwreck Act Guidelines
      — Archaeological Data Preservation Act: Preservation of historical and archeological data threatened by dam construction or alterations of terrain.
      — Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA)
      — Paleontological Resources Preservation Act of 2009
      — Protection of Archaeological Resources, 43 CFR 7
      — Preservation of American Antiquities, 43 CFR 3

      https://guides.library.upenn.edu/US_archaeology/national_laws

      Liked by 1 person

  31. I dabble in far out theories, but this one wasn’t even on my radar…LOL
    taco jill for president?
    FTA
    At the appropriate moment, at the Democrat National Convention Joe will announce that he will step aside for the good of the Party (due to impeachment or Hunter issues) and then pledge his votes to Jill. All Joe Biden has to do to ensure that Jill Biden becomes the first female president is to stay alive. That’s why he’s taking it super-easy now.

    Jill Biden would present a formidable political challenge to Donald Trump, the likely Republican candidate. She is somewhat attractive, she is generally likeable, and she sounds reasonable to some extent. Backed by the Democrat vote-getting machine, Jill Biden could become president and cement a Biden Family dynasty, keeping Joe and Hunter out of trouble, for the next four years. And if Joe passes while Jill is president, she gets the sympathy vote and a landslide victory in 2028.

    https://www.americanthinker.com/blog/2023/09/is_joe_preparing_to_run_his_wife_for_2024.html

    Liked by 1 person

    1. Yeah, no, I don’t think so – I think a LOT of dems would go with RFKJ over her – IF he gets thru their barricade or runs as an independent. And I’ll say again – he worries me….

      Liked by 1 person

      1. oh me too…but someone on q tree said the family needs a biden in office for protection–once they’re out, they’re done for.
        if he holds blackmail on enough fellow dems??? who knows

        Liked by 1 person

  32. ENGINEERS – HIGH SCHOOL PHYSICS reveals truth about 9/11/01
    4:13 – https://rumble.com/v3gyrwg-architects-and-engineers-exposing-911-conspiracy-this-is-high-school-physic.html

    2 hours
    https://rumble.com/v2r5ysy-wtc-towers-in-the-high-school-physics-lab-with-mr.-chandler.html

    A short list of some of the events that have destroyed our faith in those who run our institutions of government.

    Kennedy Assassinations
    9/11/01*
    The Obama Administration
    The Boston Marathon Bombing
    The Las Vegas Massacre
    The Pandemic and Vaccines
    The Stolen Election
    The fraudulently installed Biden/Obama administration

    *I agree with the architects and engineers in this videos above.
    It was obvious from the first viewing of the fall of the twin towers and building 7 – that there was additional power assist to the destruction of these buildings. Then came all the surreal claims, lies, propaganda and the encroachments of our freedoms, and censorship.

    Liked by 2 people

      1. And unmanned planes! OK, not the PA plane but I think the NY hits were unmanned at least. And we all know it was NOT a plane at the Pentagon!

        Liked by 1 person

  36. rapidly moving clouds this morning–some of the nice puffy white ones but some dark ones too.
    and the deer have returned! so the bear must be out of the area…
    there were 7 deer around the pond while i doing dishes. 5 females and 2 smaller bucks.
    the biggest buck we’ve seen so far is a really nice 8 but he’s cagey. at the salt lick either just as it’s getting light or dark and then he darts back into the woods

    Liked by 1 person

    1. We are at 71 now – 46 when I got up – and clear for now with a nice breeze but we’ll have a bit of rain moving thru later into tomorrow. S/S sound like some stunningly beautiful days like I’ve been enjoying recently. Supposed to warm up again next – good since the melons need it – but not too hot – only mid to high-80’s.

      Mark called me and apologized since he forgot about getting the handyman’s name from his Mom. I figured it would be a young man but this is an older man, in his 50’s, who does the mowing at the cemetery and other odd jobs around town. I fully expect I will find, when I meet him face-to-face, that he will be familiar to me, either from the Legion or SM. All of these people I’ve met but I haven’t a clue as to their names!!! LOL – so I called and left him a VM. It sounds like I may have found my long-term handyman I need so badly! Crossing my fingers!

      Liked by 2 people

        1. No doubt…whipped cream on top would be if he is also a vet and he may be slightly mentally handicapped, from the sound of his voice. I can recall, both at the Legion and SM, people talking about “the guy who mows the cemetery.” It appears that this is how he makes his living and has for some time now.

          Liked by 1 person

            1. Nope, not a vet and not mentally challenged, just not the sharpest tack in the box, which is fine with me. Don’t need a genius to mow!

              Liked by 1 person

    1. I LOVED that movie and keep searching for it on DTV so I can record it. Haven’t found it yet – I’m sure I could pay for it but that ain’t happening!

      Liked by 1 person

  38. R Green
    R Green
    September 14, 2023 9:47 am

    New York Times and Washington Post BOTH run op-eds branding Biden, 80, too old for office with NYT raising specter of him dying before retiring like Ruth Bader Ginsburg

    David Ignatius wrote a similar column in the Washington Post with a more direct headline: ‘President Biden should not run again in 2024’

    So if I’m reading between the lines…

    CIA issues order – “Biden’s time is up.”

    FBI responds – “Got it!”

    https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-12516247/Biden-age-NYT-Washington-Post-op-eds.html

    Liked by 1 person

  40. the FANNY does not get to speed up everything and prosecute all 19 defendants together.
    FTA
    A state judge on Thursday rejected prosecutors’ request to try all 19 defendants together in the Georgia 2020 election interference case next month.

    “The Court joins the skepticism expressed by several federal courts that denying severance always ensures efficiency, especially in ‘mega trials’ such as this,” Fulton County Superior Court Judge Scott McAfee wrote in an order.

    McAfee’s ruling means former President Trump will not be tried in October alongside at least two of his co-defendants who invoked their right to a speedy trial.

    It marks a major blow to District Attorney Fani Willis (D), who repeatedly urged McAfee to keep the defendants together and try them at the same time.

    Though McAfee did not set a trial date for Trump, his ruling sets a motions deadline of Dec. 1, which would come before any eventual trial. Trump and his 18 co-defendants have all pleaded not guilty to the combined 41 charges they face.

    Trump has looked to delay all four criminal cases he faces and previously argued he would not be ready for trial by October.

    McAfee wrote in his order that severance is “an absolute necessity” regardless of whether each defendants showed a particular need.

    “Additional divisions of the defendants may well be required. That is a decision for another day once the many anticipated pretrial motions have been resolved and a realistic trial date approaches,” he wrote.

    https://thehill.com/regulation/court-battles/4204049-judge-rejects-request-to-try-all-trump-georgia-defendants-together-next-month/

    Liked by 1 person

    1. Hmmmmmm….

      From Wiki: “McAfee was an assistant district attorney in the Barrow County, Georgia, Piedmont Judicial Circuit.[8] He joined the office of the district attorney in Fulton County, Georgia, in April 2015, initially working on the early stages of criminal cases.[9] He later was promoted to working as a prosecutor in the complex trial division, which was then headed by prosecutor Fani Willis, who was later elected as Fulton County district attorney.[1][10] McAfee was eventually promoted to senior assistant district attorney in the major case division, where he prosecuted felony cases including armed robbery and murder.[4][1]

      In 2019, McAfee was appointed as an assistant United States Attorney for the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia.[1] He worked in the criminal division where he investigated and prosecuted drug trafficking organizations, fraud, and illegal firearms possession.[4][1][3] On April 1, 2021, Georgia governor Brian Kemp appointed McAfee as the state inspector general.[4][1][11]

      State judge in Fulton County — In December 2022, Kemp appointed McAfee to the Fulton County Superior Court following Christopher S. Brasher’s retirement.[12] He was sworn in on February 1, 2023.[1]

      Liked by 1 person

  41. sync
    September 14, 2023 10:42 am

    Many more lawsuits are coming….will the US government give them immunity?

    Lawsuit filed against UNMC, Nebraska Medicine over trans teen’s breast-removal surgery in 2018Filing alleges doctors didn’t pursue non-surgical and mental health treatments extensively enough leading to ‘lasting health complications’ for the patient

    https://www.wowt.com/2023/09/14/lawsuit-filed-against-unmc-nebraska-medicine-teens-breast-removal-surgery-2018/

    Liked by 2 people

  42. Hot diggity dog! Jason is loading up his mower and heading over now. It will be $50/per session but I may be able to get that a little lower since I can do the weed eating and such. But I’m also going to discuss the other odd jobs I need done. And I was right – yes, I know him! I’ll recognize him when I see him, no doubt, especially since I’ve seen him tooling by here on his riding mower heading to Marks’ Mom’s house. Ah, isn’t small town life grand???

    Liked by 1 person

  44. New Hampshire sect of state says he can’t keep President Trump off the ballot.
    FTA
    But Scanlan emphasized on Wednesday that “there is no mention in New Hampshire state statute that a candidate in a New Hampshire presidential primary can be disqualified using the 14th Amendment of the United States Constitution referencing insurrection or rebellion.”

    “There is nothing in the 14th Amendment that suggests that exercising the provisions of that amendment should take place during the delegate selection process as held by the different states,” he added. “There is nothing in our state statute that gives the Secretary of State discretion in entertaining qualification issues once a candidate swears under the penalties of perjury that they meet the qualifications to be president.”

    Scanlan, a former Republican state lawmaker, also sought legal input from the New Hampshire Attorney General’s Office. And a concurring statement from state attorney general John Formella highlighted that state law “does not afford the Secretary of State discretion to withhold a candidate’s name from the ballot on the grounds that the candidate may be disqualified under Section Three when a candidate has not been convicted or otherwise.”

    https://www.foxnews.com/politics/new-hampshire-shuts-down-gambit-block-trump-primary-ballot-snubs-dnc-election-calendar

    Liked by 1 person

  45. Alrighty then….holy cow! He and his wife work together – he mows while she weed-eats – that is THE first time this entire fence line has ever been completely weed-ate! That will only need to be done once a month, that’s for sure! He can fix the mailbox but the key would be helpful – which, of course, I can’t find anywhere….I’m not even sure I ever had it! I think that sucker has been there for 20+ years now! He said the cement base had sunk – hell, I didn’t even know it had a cement base! I had made a note to myself to trim the willow tree branches before I had anyone mow – that is a major PITA! So I hustled out there and did some trimming, then he won’t have to fight them too hard. Nice people – he has a big zero-turn radius mower so it won’t take him long. He’s already done the back and is in front now. He doesn’t take on big jobs, like repainting my shed, but does have some experience with tree trimming. Yeah!

    Liked by 1 person

      1. Yes but…..with his big mower, he does this entire yard in about 1.5 hrs….for $50? Ummm…..yes, it’s worth it with all the weed eating but I don’t NEED the weed eating! I told them once a month on that, max, and I can’t see paying $100/mo just to mow this yard. I just can’t….it is NOT worth that! We’ll see how things go – I’d love to get rid of some things in my garage that I’ll never use, not to mention a bunch of other “stuff.” His wife might like some of it, too. Maybe we can do some horse trading here and there.

        Liked by 1 person

    1. See, this is why I just CANNOT understand how people can’t see this!!!! I mean, really! Even the simplest mind should be able to pick up the contradiction!

      Liked by 1 person

  47. our electric burped in the middle of me posting that^^^ meme
    and now i hear helicopters
    in the old days i would never have even noted the helicopters…but now???
    LOL
    everything raises my hackles

    Liked by 1 person

    1. LOL – oh, you know, I’m out of my chair and headed outside when I hear the occasional small plane that goes over. It only happens a couple times a year, if that! And if it was a helicopter??? Shit, I’d be digging out my 380!!!

      Liked by 1 person

      1. there is a newish hospital in NY that has a helipad and usually that’s the direction they are heading in or coming from. but the bigger ones with the twin rotors? they are going in the east-west direction in the north (ny) –those concern me

        Liked by 1 person

    1. See! Just another blatant difference – the rest of those scallywags in both parties would want to do it by increasing taxes on the People or cutting SS, Medicare, etc.!

      Liked by 1 person

  50. Mass Psychosis
    Mass Psychosis
    September 14, 2023 1:36 pm
    Reply to Mass Psychosis

    BTW….Hunter just got indicted. Branden will step down due to medical reasons in the not too distant future.

    This is, of course, one of the dumbest things they could charge the first crackhead son on. The tax indictment will be more important, but SHOULD include FARA, money laundering, and many others.

    gov.uscourts.ded.82797.40.0.pdf
    Last edited 59 minutes ago by Mass Psychosis

    Liked by 1 person

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